1	ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE	* SERUM FOLATE - LOW IN CERTAIN CASES * ULTRA SOUND EXAMI - DETECTS SEPARATION OF PLACENTS FROM THE UTERUS OR UTERINE ABNORMALITY SEEN * URINE ROUTINE - IN CHR NEPHRITIS, CAST , ALBUMEN & OTHER ABNORMALITY IS SEEN * SERUM FIBRINOGEN LEVELS - Pregnancy is associated with hyperfibrinogenemia; therefore, modestly depressed fibrinogen levels may represent significant coagulopathy. A fibrinogen level of less than 200 mg/dL suggests that the patient has a severe abruption. * PROTHROMBIN TIME / ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME : Some form of DIC is present in up to 20% of patients with severe abruptions.
3	ACNE
4	ADDISON’S DISEASE	OTHER TESTS - * ACTH STIMULATION TEST - POSITIVE ( NORMAL ADRENALS RELEASE 2 - 5 TIMES ITS BASAL PLASMA CORTISOL OUTPUT * SERUM SOD., CHLORIDE & BICARBONATES - DECREASED * SERUM POTASSIUM - INCREASED * PLASMA CORTISOL & ALDOSTERONE - DECREASED & FAIL TO INCREASE ON ACTH STIMULATION * PLASMA ACTH LEVELS * SERUM CATECHOLAMINES * RAPID ACTH TEST - PATIENT WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA RESPOND WITH MARKED INCREASE IN 17-HYDROXY PROGESTERONE LEVELS & SUBNORMAL CORTISOL RESPONSE * RANDOM PLASMA CORTISOL LEVELS - >25 MCG/DL EXCLUDES ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY * URINARY & SWEAT SODIUM - MAY BE ELEVATED * BUN & SERUM CREATININE - ELEVATED DUE TO HYPOVOLEMIA * ADRENAL AUTOANTIBODIES - MAY BE PRESENT
5	AGRANULOCYTOSIS
6	AIDS	OTHER TESTS : * IFA CONFIRMATORY TEST DETECTS POTENT ANTIBODIES BY FLUORESCEIN TAGGED SECONDARY ANTIBODIES. * VIRAL RNA & P24 ANTIGEN ARE USED ALONG WITH CD4 COUNT TO MONITOR TREATMENT. * NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TESTING ( NAT ) TO MONITOR VIRAL LOAD. * RAPID TESTING - SINGLE USE DIGNOSTIC SYSTEM ( SUDS )
7	ALCOHOLISM	OTHER TESTS - * SGPT - > 300 UNITS ARE UNUSUAL & MAY BE DUE TO SOME OTHER CAUSE THAN ALCOHOL * AST / ALT RATIO > 2 ( SGOT / SGPT ) , S. ALBUMIN DECREASED, GLOBULIN INCREASED, PROTHROMBIN TIME INCREASED, GGTP,TRIGLYCERIDES & CHOLESTROLES, MCV, URIC ACID INCREASED * CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENT TRANSFERRIN - HIGH , MORE SPECIFIC THAN GGTP
8	ALLERGIC RHINITIS	OTHER TESTS : * TOTAL SERUM IGE LEVELS - ELEVATED * ASSAY OF ANTIGEN SPECIFIC IGE * ELISA UTILISING REACTIONS THAT GENERATE VISIBLE LIGHT OR FLUORESCENCE HAVE REPLACED RADOIMMUNOASSAYS. * CHEMILUMINESCENT TRACERS - PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SENSTIVITY FOR DETECTION OF MINUTE QUANTITIES OF ALLERGEN SPECIFIC IGE.
9	ALLERGY	OTHER TESTS : * TOTAL SERUM IGE LEVELS - ELEVATED * ASSAY OF ANTIGEN SPECIFIC IGE * ELISA UTILISING REACTIONS THAT GENERATE VISIBLE LIGHT OR FLUORESCENCE HAVE REPLACED RADOIMMUNOASSAYS. * CHEMILUMINESCENT TRACERS - PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SENSTIVITY FOR DETECTION OF MINUTE QUANTITIES OF ALLERGEN SPECIFIC IGE.
10	ALOPECIA AREATA	OTHER TESTS : * KOH TEST OF HAIR FOLLICLES TO ISOLATE FUNGUS
11	ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE	OTHER TESTS - HYPERSENSITIVE PUPILLARY REACTION TO TROPICAMIDE CSF - ACETYL CHOLINE & A-BETA AMYLOID LEVELS DECREASED, TAU PROTEIN INCREASED
12	AMENORRHOEA	OTHER TESTS : * SERUM FSH LEVELS - > 40 MLU/ ML & LOW ESTRADIOL LEVELS ( <25 PG/ML ) -> HYPERGONADOTROPIC PRIMARY AMENORRHOEA * 200 MG PROGESTERONE IN OIL ( A PROGESTATIONAL AGENT WHICH HAS NO OESTROGEN ACTIVITY) SHOULD BE GIVEN I.M. , OR 10 MG MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE BY MOUTH FOR 5 DAYS, IF BLEEDING OCCURS WITH 2-7 DAYS OF STOPPING TREATMENT, IT SHOWS THAT THERE IS FUNCTIONAL UTERUS WITH REACTIVE ENDOMETRIUM. THE TEST IS NEGATIVE ( NO BLEEDING ) IN HYPERGONADOTROPIC CASES. IF THERE IS NO GALACTORRHOEA & SERUM PROLACTIN IS NORMAL, NO FURTHER TESTS ARE REQUIRED. * IF SERUM PROLACTIN IS RAISED WITH GALACTORRHOEA, CT SCAN OF HEAD IS DONE TO SEE SELLA TURSICA FOR EVIDENCE OF PROLACTINOMA. * IF BLEEDING DOESNT OCCUR AFTER PROGESTERONE INJ. THERE MAY BE ABNORMALITY OF UTERUS OR VAGINA LIKE CONGENITAL ABSENCE , VAGINAL ATRESIA , TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION , ASHERMAN SYNDROME. CONFIRMATION OF THESE CONDITIONS IS OBTAINED BY PRIMING THE ENDOMETRIUM WITH OESTROGEN ( 20 MCG ETHINYL OESTRADIOL DAILY FOR 20 DAYS ) BEFORE ADDING PROGESTERON & NO BLEEDING WILL OCCUR. IF BLEEDING OCCURS WITH EOSTROGEN + PROGESTERONE COMBINATION & NOT WITH PROGESTERONE ALONE, THE FAULT LIES IN THE OVARIES, PITUITARY OR HYPOTHALAMUS. * SERUM GONADOTROPHINS SHOULD BE MEASURED - A RAISED FSH & LH LEVELS INDICATE OVARIAN FAILURE WITH ABSENT FOLLICLES FROM A PREMATURE MENOPAUSE, TURNER SYNDROME , OTHER FORMS OF OVARIAN DYSGENESIS , OVARIAN AGENESIS ( VERY RARE ) , RESISTANT OVARY SYNDROME * IF PELVIC ORGANS, PROLACTIN LEVELS , CT SKULL & GONADOTROPHINS ARE NORMAL, THE AMENORRHOEA THEN BEING HYPOTHALAMIC IN ORIGIN WHICH MOST COMMONLY FOLLOWS WEIGHT LOSS OR CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS. * KARYOTYPING TO SEE CHROMOSOMAL PATTERN.
14	AMOEBIASIS	OTHER TESTS : * SEROLOGICAL TEST FOR AMOEBA > 90% ACCURACY * IODINE STAINED CONCENTRATES OF STOOL FOR AMOEBA OR CYSTS * PCR * STOOL CULTURE FOR AMOEBA
15	AMOEBIC COLITIS	OTHER TESTS : * SEROLOGICAL TEST FOR AMOEBA > 90% ACCURACY * IODINE STAINED CONCENTRATES OF STOOL FOR AMOEBA OR CYSTS * STOOL CULTURE FOR AMOEBA
16	ANAL FISSURE	OTHER TESTS : * PHYSICAL EXAMINATION BY PROCTOSCOPY
17	ANAPHYLAXIS
22	ANEMIA	OTHER TESTS : * MCV > 100 FL * RETICULOCYTE , LEUKOCYTE & PLATELET COUNT - LOW * ANISOCYTOSIS, POIKILOCYTOSIS - MARKED * NEUTROPHILS - SHOW HYPERSEGMENTATION OF NUCLEUS ( MOST CHARECTERISTIC ) * RBC FOLATE LEVELS ARE MOST RELIABLE IN FOLATE DEFICIENCY * SERUM METHYLMALONIC ACID & HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS ARE HIGH IN COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY, WHILE FOLATE DEFICIENCY WILL HAVE ONLY ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS.
24	ANGINA PECTORIS	* E.C.G. - RESTING & EXERCISE BOTH * ISOTOPE SCANNING - THALIUM - 201 & TECHNETIUM TC-99M SESTAMIBI TEST * MUGA TEST * 64 SLICE CT SCAN OF HEART * C-REACTIVE PROTEIN - INCREASED LEVELS HAVE HIGH PREDICTABLE VALUE FOR IMPENDING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER RISK FACTORS
25	ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS	OTHER TESTS : * HLA-B27 GENE PRESENT IN > 90% OF PATIENTS * ESR , C-REACTIVE PROTEIN , SERUM IGA LEVELS - RAISED * IN PATIENTS WITH RESTRICTIVE CHEST MOVEMENTS - VITAL CAPACITY- DECREASED , FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY - INCREASED, AIRFLOW MEASUREMENTS & VENTILATORY FUNCTION - NORMAL. * ANA , RA FACTOR - ABSENT * X-RAY FINDINGS - SACROILITIS ( BLURRING OF THE CORTICAL MARGINS OF THE SUBCHONDRAL BONE ) , STRAIGHTENING OF LUMBER SPINE, REACTIVE SCLEROSIS, SQUARING OF VERTIBRAL BODIES, MARGINAL SYNDESMOPHYTES * CT SCAN & MRI MAY DETECT EARLIST CHANGES IN THE SPINE OR SACROILIAC JOINT.
26	ANOREXIA NERVOSA	OTHER TESTS : * NO SPECIFIC TESTS
27	ANXIETY
28	APPENDICITIS
31	ASBESTOSIS	OTHER TESTS : * CHEST X-RAY - PLEURAL PALQUES, CHARACTERIZED BY EITHER THICKENING OR CALCIFICATION ALONG THE PARIETAL PLEURA, PARTICULARLY ALONG THE LOWER LUNG FIELDS, DIAPHRAGM & CARDIAC BORDER. PLEURAL EFFUSION. * DIAGNOSTIC FEATURE - IRREGULAR OR LINEAR OPACITIES, FIRST IN THE LOWER LUNG FIELDS THEN SPREADING TO MIDDLE & UPPER LUNG AREAS, INDISTINCT HEART BORDER OR A GROUND GLASS APPEARANCE IN THE LUNG FIELDS. LATER ON CLASSICAL HONEYCOMBED LUNG. * HRCT ( HIGH RESOLUTION CT SCAN ) - SHOW DISTINCT SUBPLEURAL CURVILINEAR LINES 5 - 10 CM IN LENGTH THAT APPEAR TO BE PARALLEL TO PLEURAL SURFACE - 85 TO 100 % DIAGNOSTIC
32	ASTHMA	OTHER TESTS - * IGE LEVELS INCREASED, SPUTUM EOSINOPHILS INCREASED, INCREASED RESPONSIVENESS OF AIRWAYS TO HISTAMINE & METHACHOLINE. * REVERSIBILITY OF AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION >/ = 20% INCREASE IN FEV AFTER BETA-AGONISTS. * MRI THORAX
33	ATELECTASIS	OTHER TESTS : * TRANSTHORACIC FINE NEEDLE BIOPSY
34	ATHEROSCLEROSIS	OTHER TESTS : * DUPLEX ULTRASONOGRAPHY * TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYMETRY * DIGITAL PULSE VOLUME RECORDING * DOPPLER FLOW VELOCITY WAVEFORM ANALYSIS * SEGMENTAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS * MR ANGIOGRAPHY OR CONTRAST ANGIOGRAPHY * RATIO OF ANKLE - BRACHIAL BLOOD PRESSURE - >= 1 IN NORMAL PERSONS. <1.0 IN PTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE.
35	ATHLETE’S FOOT	OTHER TESTS : * KOH TEST OF SKIN SCRAPPINGS FOR FUNGAL TEST * CULTURE TEST OF THE SCRAPPING
36	ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
282	ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA	OTHER TESTS : * SERUM & URINARY AMINOLEVULINIC ACID ( ALA ) & PORPHOBILINOGEN ( PBG ) LEVELS - INCREASED DURING ATTACKS * PORPHYRINES ARE INCREASED IN URINE , STOOL, LIVER & PLASMA
388	AMYLOIDOSIS, AA ( INFLAMMATORY )	OTHER TESTS - * BIOPSY WITH CONGO RED STAIN * PROTEIN OR DNA STUDIES - MUTANT PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION , IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY, IMMUNOFLUORESCENT OR IMMUNOPEROXIDASE STAINS WITH SPECIFIC ANTISERA. * PROTEINURIA * ECG SHOWS LOW VOLTAGE COMPLEXES WITH ATRIOVENTRICULAR OR INTRAVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION ABNORMALITIES. * ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - DIFFUSE THICKENING OF VENTRICULAR WALLS WITH HYPOKINESIA & A DIFFUSE HYPERREFRACTIVE GRANULAR SPARKLING APPEARANCE & CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION WITH ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY IN CASES OF CARDIAC DISEASE. * AVOID IVP - BECAUSE DYE EXPOSURE MAY LEAD TO ACUTE RENAL FAILURE * RADIOLABELLED P- COMPONENT GAMMA SCANNING - TO DEMONSTRATE THE TOTAL BODY BURDEN OF AMYLOID & ITS DISAPPEARANCE AFTE SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT IS DIAGNOSTIC
389	ABORTION	* BLOOD GROUP - DIAGNOSES INCOMPATIBILITY OF MOTHER & FATHERS GROUP. * BLOOD SUGAR & BLOOD UREA - FOR DIABETES & RENAL FAILURE * COMPLETE BLOOD TEST - FOR ANEMIA & OTHER CHR DISEASE * SEMEN ANALYSIS - FOR ABNORMAL SPERMS * COOMBS TEST - FOR BLOOD INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN FETUS & MOTHER * THYROID FUNCTION TEST - FOR HYPER OR HYPOTHYROIDISM * TORCH - FOR INFECTION BY CYTOMEGALO VIRUS , HERPES OR RUBELLA , TOXOPLASMOSIS INFECTION * ULTRA SOUND - FOR ANY UTERINE ABNORMALITIES. * VAGINAL SMEAR - FOR CONFIRMATION OF GONORRHOEA, CLAMYDIAL OR OTHER SEXUALLY TRASMITTABLE DISEASES.
392	ACANTHOSIS	OTHER TESTS : THESE TESTS ARE DONE TO FIND OUT THE ASSOCIATED DISEASE IF ANY. * ANTI-DOUBLE STRANDED DNA ANTIBODIES - HIGHLY SPECIFIC FOR SLE - 60% POSITIVE * ANTI-LA ANTIBODIES - HIGHLY SPECIFIC FOR SJOGREN DISEASE- 40% * ANTI-RO ANTIBODIES - HIGHLY SPECIFIC FOR SJOGREN DISEASE- 75% POSITIVE * ANTI-SMITH ANTIBODIES - HIGHLY SPECIFIC FOR SLE - 30% POSITIVE
393	ACHALASIA CARDIA	OTHER TESTS - * MECHOLYL TEST * CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) TEST. * X-RAY ABDOMEN - ABSENT GASTRIC GAS BUBBLE * BARIUM SWALLOW - NORMAL SEQUENTIAL PARISTALSIS IS REPLACED BY UNCOORDINATED SIMULTANEOUS CONTRACTIONS.
394	ACHLORHYDRIA	OTHER TESTS: * FASTING GASTRIN LEVELS ARE RAISED - > 500 - 1000 PG/ML * GASTRIC ACID ANALYSIS - NORMAL FASTING GASTRIC PH IS 2.1 IN MEN & 2.7 IN WOMEN, IN ACHLORHYDRIA IT IS 7.6 & IN HYPOCHLORHYDRIA, 7.4 * SERUM PEPSINOGEN A LEVELS - EXTREMELY LOW LEVELS - < 17 MCG/L * BARIUM STUDY TO RULE OUT GASTRIC CANCER
395	ACHONDROPLASIA
396	ACIDOSIS	OTHER TESTS - * ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES - PACO2 & SERUM BICARBONATES - LOW * BLOOD PH - DECREASED OR NORMAL IN RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS * BLOOD UREA , BUN , SERUM CREATININE, SERUM POTASSIUM - RAISED IN CHR, RENAL FAILURE * SERUM POTASSIUM - LOW IN CHR DIURETIC USE, DIARRHOEA * SERUM SODIUM - LOW IN CHR DIURETIC USE, DIARRHOEA * PUL FUNCTION TEST - ABNORMAL IN COPD * ULTRA SOUND ABDOMEN - SHOWS RENAL STATUS
397	ACNE VULGARIS
398	ACROMEGALY	OTHER TESTS : * INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1( IGF-1) - ELEVATED ( IGF-1 CONC VARY WITH AGE. STARVATION, OBESITY, DIABETES DECREASES ITS CONC & PREGNANCY INCREASES ITS CONC. * GLUCOSE SUPPRESSION TEST - FAILURE OF GH SUPPRESSION TO < 1 MICRO GM / L WITHIN 1-2 HRS OF 75 GM OF ORAL GLUCOSE. * MEASUREMENT OF IGF BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3 ) - INCREASED IN ACROMEGALY & HELPFUL IN MONITORING THE ACTIVITY OF DISEASE DURING TT. * PROLACTIN - RAISED IN 20% * THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE ADMINISTRATION CAUSE PARADOXICAL GH RESPONSE. * GHRH ( GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE ) - LEVELS < 300 PG/ML USUALLY INDICATE ECTOPIC SOURCE OF GHRH. IN PITUITARY DISEASE, GHRH CONC IS WITHIN REFERENCE RANGE OR SUPPRESSED. * X-RAYS - BONE SOF HANDS & FEET BROADENED, SOFT TISSUE THICKER, COARSE FEATURES, FRONTAL AIR SINUSES ENLARGE, LOWER JAW ELONGATES, PITUITARY FOSSA ENLARGE, TUFTING OF TERMINAL PHALANGES & WIDENING OF JOINT SPACES IN HANDS, INCREASED HEEL PAD THICKNESS ( > 23 MM, ACROMEGALY POSSIBLE , IF > 27 MM IT IS CERTAIN ) * MRI BRAIN - TO LOCATE PITUITARY TUMORS * CT SCAN ABDOMEN OR CHEST- TO LOCATE ABDOMINAL OR LUNG TUMORS
399	ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME	OTHER TESTS - ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES
403	ADDISONIAN CRISIS	OTHER TESTS - * ACTH STIMULATION TEST - POSITIVE ( NORMAL ADRENALS RELEASE 2 - 5 TIMES ITS BASAL PLASMA CORTISOL OUTPUT * SERUM SOD., CHLORIDE & BICARBONATES - DECREASED * SERUM POTASSIUM - INCREASED * PLASMA CORTISOL & ALDOSTERONE - DECREASED & FAIL TO INCREASE ON ACTH STIMULATION * PLASMA ACTH LEVELS * SERUM CATECHOLAMINES * RAPID ACTH TEST - PATIENT WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA RESPOND WITH MARKED INCREASE IN 17-HYDROXY PROGESTERONE LEVELS & SUBNORMAL CORTISOL RESPONSE * RANDOM PLASMA CORTISOL LEVELS - >25 MCG/DL EXCLUDES ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY * URINARY & SWEAT SODIUM - MAY BE ELEVATED * BUN & SERUM CREATININE - ELEVATED DUE TO HYPOVOLEMIA * ADRENAL AUTOANTIBODIES - MAY BE PRESENT
408	ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
409	AEROPHAGIA
410	AFIBRINOGENEMIA	OTHER TESTS - PLASMA FIBRINOGEN LEVELS - DECREASED PT, PTT & THROMBIN TIME - INCREASED
414	AGNOSIA
415	AGONADISM	OTHER TESTS - TESTICULAR BIOPSY
416	AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION	OTHER TESTS - ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES
417	ALBINISM	OTHER TESTS - GUTHRIE BACTERIAL INHIBITION ASSAY - TO DETERMINE PLASMA PHENYLALANINE CONCENTRATION - HIGH IN PHENYLKETONEURIA. * BLOOD PHENYLALANINE LEVELS - > 250 UMOL / L IN PHENYLKETONEURIA.
418	ALBRIGHTS DISEASE	OTHER TESTS - * X-RAY FINDINGS - LESIONS HAVE RADIOLUCENT AREA WITH A WELL DELINEATED, SMOOTH OR SCALLOPED BORDER, WITH FOCAL THINNING OF CORTEX. BONES MAY BE LARGER THAN NORMAL WITH GROUND GLASS APPEARANCE. DEFORMITIES INCLUDE COXA VERA, SHEPHERDS-CROOK DEFORMITY OF FEMER, BOWING OF TIBIA, HARRISONS GROOVES, PROTRUSIO ACETABULI. * S. CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS - NORMAL * S. ALK. PHOSPHATASE - RAISED
419	ALCOHOLIC CARDIOMYOPATHY	OTHER TESTS - * CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION & CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY TO EXCLUDE ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE. * TRANSVENOUS ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY
420	ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS	OTHER TESTS - * SGPT - > 300 UNITS ARE UNUSUAL & MAY BE DUE TO SOME OTHER CAUSE THAN ALCOHOL * ANEMIA & FOLIC , VIT B-12 DEFICIENCY * AST / ALT RATIO > 2 ( SGOT / SGPT ) , S. ALBUMIN DECREASED, GLOBULIN INCREASED, PROTHROMBIN TIME INCREASED * S. AMMONIA - NORMAL OR INCREASED * PERCUTANEOUS NEEDLE BIOPSY OF LIVER
421	ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER	OTHER TESTS - * SGPT - > 300 UNITS ARE UNUSUAL & MAY BE DUE TO SOME OTHER CAUSE THAN ALCOHOL * AST / ALT RATIO > 2 ( SGOT / SGPT ) , S. ALBUMIN DECREASED, GLOBULIN INCREASED, PROTHROMBIN TIME INCREASED, GGTP,TRIGLYCERIDES & CHOLESTROLES, MCV, URIC ACID INCREASED * CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENT TRANSFERRIN - HIGH , MORE SPECIFIC THAN GGTP * PERCUTANEOUS NEEDLE BIOPSY OF LIVER
422	ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS	OTHER TESTS - * SGPT - > 300 UNITS ARE UNUSUAL & MAY BE DUE TO SOME OTHER CAUSE THAN ALCOHOL * AST / ALT RATIO > 2 ( SGOT / SGPT ) , S. ALBUMIN DECREASED, GLOBULIN INCREASED, PROTHROMBIN TIME INCREASED, GGTP,TRIGLYCERIDES & CHOLESTROLES, MCV, URIC ACID INCREASED * CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENT TRANSFERRIN - HIGH , MORE SPECIFIC THAN GGTP * PERCUTANEOUS NEEDLE BIOPSY OF LIVER
423	ALEXIA
424	ALKALOSIS	OTHER TESTS : * ARTERIAL PH - INCREASED IN METABOLIC ALKALOSIS * SERUM BICARBONATES & PACO2 - INCREASED * SERUM POT. & CHLORIDES - DECREASED
426	ALOPECIA	OTHER TESTS : * KOH TEST OF HAIR FOLLICLES TO ISOLATE FUNGUS
428	AMBLYOPIA	OTHER TESTS : * RANDOM DOT STEREOGRAMS IS AN EXCELLENT TEST FOR AMBLYOPIA
429	AMENORRHEA	OTHER TESTS : * 200 MG PROGESTERONE IN OIL ( A PROGESTATIONAL AGENT WHICH HAS NO OESTROGEN ACTIVITY) SHOULD BE GIVEN I.M. , OR 10 MG MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE BY MOUTH FOR 5 DAYS, IF BLEEDING OCCURS WITH 2-7 DAYS OF STOPPING TREATMENT, IT SHOWS THAT THERE IS FUNCTIONAL UTERUS WITH REACTIVE ENDOMETRIUM. IF THERE IS NO GALACTORRHOEA & SERUM PROLACTIN IS NORMAL, NO FURTHER TESTS ARE REQUIRED. * IF SERUM PROLACTIN IS RAISED WITH GALACTORRHOEA, CT SCAN OF HEAD IS DONE TO SEE SELLA TURSICA FOR EVIDENCE OF PROLACTINOMA. * IF BLEEDING DOESNT OCCUR AFTER PROGESTERONE INJ. THERE MAY BE ABNORMALITY OF UTERUS OR VAGINA LIKE CONGENITAL ABSENCE , VAGINAL ATRESIA , TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION , ASHERMAN SYNDROME. CONFIRMATION OF THESE CONDITIONS IS OBTAINED BY PRIMING THE ENDOMETRIUM WITH OESTROGEN ( 20 MCG ETHINYL OESTRADIOL DAILY FOR 20 DAYS ) BEFORE ADDING PROGESTERON & NO BLEEDING WILL OCCUR. IF BLEEDING OCCURS WITH EOSTROGEN + PROGESTERONE COMBINATION & NOT WITH PROGESTERONE ALONE, THE FAULT LIES IN THE OVARIES, PITUITARY OR HYPOTHALAMUS. * SERUM GONADOTROPHINS SHOULD BE MEASURED - A RAISED FSH & LH LEVELS INDICATE OVARIAN FAILURE WITH ABSENT FOLLICLES FROM A PREMATURE MENOPAUSE, TURNER SYNDROME , OTHER FORMA OF OVARIAN DYSGENESIS , OVARIAN AGENESIS ( VERY RARE ) , RESISTANT OVARY SYNDROME * IF PELVIC ORGANS, PROLACTIN LEVELS , CT SKULL & GONADOTROPHINS ARE NORMAL, THE AMENORRHOEA THEN BEING HYPOTHALAMIC IN ORIGIN WHICH MOST COMMONLY FOLLOWS WEIGHT LOSS OR CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS.
430	AMNESIA
431	ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL INFECTION
434	ANEMIA
435	ANOREXIA	OTHER TESTS : * TUMOR MARKERS
436	ANOSMIA	OTHER TESTS : * CT SCAN SINUSES & HEAD
437	ANTHRAX	OTHER TESTS : * DIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY STAINING * GRAM STAINING OF DISCHARGE FROM THE CUTANEOUS LESION, SPUTUM.
438	ANURIA
439	AORTIC REGURGITATION	OTHER TESTS : * ECG - LVH IN SEVERE CASES. LT. AXIS DEVIATION & / OR QRS PROLONGATION DENOTE DIFFUSE MYOCARDIAL DISEASE, GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH PATCHY FIBROSIS & POOR PROGNOSIS. * X-RAY CHEST - LVH & CARDIOMEGALY & SOME TIMES AORTIC ANEURYSMAL DILATATION * CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION & ANGIOGRAPHY * MRI OR ULTRA FAST CT SCANNING ( 64 SLICE CT SCAN ) * RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING
440	AORTIC STENOSIS	OTHER TESTS : * ECG - LVH WITH SOME TIMES STRAIN PATTERN * X-RAY CHEST - CARDIOMEGALY WITH OR WITHOUT LVH , AORTIC VALVE CALCIFICATION, POST STENOTIC DILATATION OF AORTA. IN LATER STAGES WHEN LV DILATES, THERE IS LV ENLARGEMENT, PUL CONGESTION, ENLARGEMENT OF LA, PA & RT. SIDE OF HEART * CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION * MRI & HIGH SPEED CT SCAN * 2-D ULTRA SOUND EXAMINATION
443	APHASIA
444	APHTHOUS ULCERS
445	APPENDICITIS , CHRONIC
446	ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION	OTHER TESTS : * CONTRAST ENHANCED MRI SCAN OF BRAIN & SPINAL CORD TO DIFFERENTIATE CHIARI MALFORMATION FROM ASSOCIATED SPINAL CORD TUMOR
447	ARSENIC POISONING	OTHER TESTS : * SERUM ARSENIC LEVELS > .9 UMOL / L * ARSENIC TEST IN HAIR & NAILS * ECG - BROAD QRS-COMPLEXES, QT PROLONGATION, ST-SEGMENT DEPRESSION, T-WAVE FLATTENING, MULTIFOCAL VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA * URINARY ARSENIC LEVELS IN 24 HRS URINE SAMPLE COLLECTED AFTER 48 HRS ABSTINENCE FROM SEA FOOD - NORMAL LEVELS ARE < 0.67 UMOL / DAY
448	ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA	OTHER TESTS : * DOPPLER STUDY OF THE INVOLVED LIMB OR AREA * ARTERIOGRAPHY
449	ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION	OTHER TESTS : * ARTERIOGRAPHY * DOPPLER STUDY OF THE INVOLVED AREA
451	ARTHRITIS	OTHER TESTS : * ASPIRATION OF THE SYNOVIAL FLUID FROM THE INVOLVED JOINT FOR MICROSCOPIC & BIOCHEMICAL TESTING & C / S , PCR ETC * HLA- B27 GENE PRESENT IN > 90% OF PTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
456	ASCARIASIS
457	ASCITES	OTHER TESTS : * DIAGNOSTIC ASPIRATION OF ASCITIC FLUID FOR BIOCHEMICAL & M/E & CELL CYTOLOGY [ NORMAL CELL COUNT < 500/ML, & < 250 POLYMORPHS ] * PERITONEAL BIOPSY * ASCITIC FLUID FOR C/ S & FOR STAINING, GRAM STAINING & FOR AFB * ASCITIC FLUID AMYLASE TEST- HIGH IN PANCREATITIS * SAAG : SAAG IS THE BEST SINGLE TEST, CALCULATED BY SUBTRACTING THE ASCITIC FLUID ALBUMIN VALUE FROM THE SERUM ALBUMIN VALUE [ ACCURACY 97% ], FOR CLASSIFYING ASCITES INTO PORTAL HYPERTENSIVE ( SAAG>1.1 G/DL ) & NON-PORTAL HYPERTENSIVE ( SAAG < 1.1 G/DL ) CAUSES. * LAPAROSCOPY ESPECIALLY IN MALIGNANT ASCITES
458	ASPERGILLOSIS	OTHER TESTS : * X-RAY CHEST - RECURRENT TRANSIENT RADIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITY IN FORM OF DIFFUSE PULMONARY INFILTRATES & LOBAR OR SEGMENTAL PUL. COLLAPSE. IN ADVANCED CASES PERMANENT BRONCHIACTETIC CHANGES ( TRAM LINE , RING & GLOVED-FINGER SHADOWS ) PREDOMINANTLY IN UPPER LOBES. * GALACTOMANNAN ASSAY ( A MAJOR COMPONENT OF ASPERGILLUS CELL WALL ) - IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE IN LUNG DISEASE * PERIPHERAL BLOOD - EOSINOPHELIA * POSITIVE SKIN TEST TO AN EXTRACT OF A. FUMIGATUS * SERUM PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES TO A. FUMIGATUS * SERUM IGE LEVELS - ELEVATED * SPUTUM - FUNGAL HYPHAE OF A. FUMIGATUS * POSITIVE SEROLOGY FOR ASPERGILLUS ( IGG OR IGE ) * HISTOPATHOLOGY & SILVER STAINING IN INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS * INTRADERMAL SKIN TEST WITH ASPERGILLUS ANTIGEN
460	ATAXIA	OTHER TESTS : * SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODIES ( YO, RI& PCD) WHICH MAY DEGENERATE CEREBELLUM IN OVARIAN & BREAST CANCER BEFORE THE ACTUAL CANCER SIGN & SYMPTOMS PRESENTATION.
461	ATHETOSIS
462	ATOPIC DERMATITIS	EOSINOPHIL COUNT - RAISED OTHER TESTS : * HISTOLOGICAL EXAMI. SUGGESTIVE OF ACUTE OR CHR DERMETITIS * IMMUNOPATHOLOGY SHOWS ACTIVATED, MEMORY T HELPER CELLS, WHICH EXPRESS THE CUTANEOUS LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN, THE LIGAND FOR THE INDUCIBLE ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE E-SELECTIN. * IGE BEARING CD1A+POSITIVE LANGERHANS CELLS.
463	ATRIAL FLUTTER
464	ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT	OTHER TESTS : * CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
465	ATRIAL PREMATURE COMPLEXES
466	AZOOSPERMIA	OTHER TESTS : * TESTICULAR BIOPSY
783	ANEMIA , SICKLE CELL	* PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR- CHARACTERISTIC RED CELLS MORPHOLOGY * SICKLING TEST - POSITIVE * HAEMOGLOBIN ELECTOPHORESIS - SHOW ABNORMAL HAEMOGLOBIN PATTERN
915	ABDOMINAL PAIN	OTHER TESTS : * UPPER GI ENDOSCOPY - CAN DIAGNOSE AC GASTRITIS , PEPTIC ULCERS, CANCER * ULTRA SOUND WHOLE ABDOMEN - CAN REVEAL GAS UNDER DOME OF DIAPHRAGM IN CASE OF PERFORATION , SECONDARIES IN ABDOMEN IN CASE OF CARCINOMA , PANCREATITIS , INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION, ANY INTRA ABDOMINAL TUMOUR, INTUSSUSCEPTION, STRANGULATED EXTERNAL HERNIA , APPENDICULAR LUMP, GALL BLADDER PATHOLOGIES, LIVER PATHOLOGIES, SPLEENIC RUPTURE, RENAL PATHOLOGIES, ECTOPIC PREGNANCY, SALPINGITIS, FIBROID, TWISTED OR RUPTURED OVARIAN CYST ETC * X-RAY ABDOMEN ERECT - GAS UNDER DOME OF DIAPHRAGM IN CASE OF PERFORATION. > 3 FLUID LEVELS IN CASE OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION * LDH & SERUM AMYLASE - HIGH IN PANCREATITIS * COLONOSCOPY - LARGE BOWEL TUMOURS , INTUSSUSCEPTION * ABDOMINAL COLOR DOPPLER - MESENTERIC ARTRY THROMBOSIS , RUPTURED ANEURYSM OR DISSECTING ANEURYSM * URINE ROUTINE - PYONEPHROSIS , CALCULUS , PYELONEPHRITIS , TRAUMA. CT SCAN ABDOMEN - CAN DISGNOSE TUMOURS , ANEURYSM , LIVER OR ALL ABDOMINAL PATHOLOGIES. * ECG - AC MYOCARDIAL INFACTION IN CASE OF REFERRED PAIN IN ABDOMEN * LIVER FUNCTION TEST - ABNORMAL IN LIVER DISEASES * STOOL ROUTINE - OVA / CYST , OCCULT BLOOD IN CASE OF G.I. BLEEDING
921	ALLERGIC BRONCHITIS	OTHER TESTS : * TOTAL SERUM IGE LEVELS - ELEVATED * ASSAY OF ANTIGEN SPECIFIC IGE * ELISA UTILISING REACTIONS THAT GENERATE VISIBLE LIGHT OR FLUORESCENCE HAVE REPLACED RADOIMMUNOASSAYS. * CHEMILUMINESCENT TRACERS - PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SENSTIVITY FOR DETECTION OF MINUTE QUANTITIES OF ALLERGEN SPECIFIC IGE.
922	ABDOMINAL SWELLING	OTHER TESTS : * ULTRA SOUND WHOLE ABDOMEN - CAN REVEAL GAS UNDER DOME OF DIAPHRAGM IN CASE OF PERFORATION , SECONDARIES IN ABDOMEN IN CASE OF CARCINOMA , PANCREATITIS , INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION, ANY INTRA ABDOMINAL TUMOUR, INTUSSUSCEPTION, STRANGULATED EXTERNAL HERNIA , APPENDICULAR LUMP, GALL BLADDER PATHOLOGIES, LIVER PATHOLOGIES, SPLEENIC RUPTURE, RENAL PATHOLOGIES, ECTOPIC PREGNANCY, SALPINGITIS, FIBROID, TWISTED OR RUPTURED OVARIAN CYST, PERITONEAL FLUID ETC * X-RAY ABDOMEN ERECT - GAS UNDER DOME OF DIAPHRAGM IN CASE OF PERFORATION. > 3 FLUID LEVELS IN CASE OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION * LDH & SERUM AMYLASE - HIGH IN PANCREATITIS * COLONOSCOPY - LARGE BOWEL TUMOURS , INTUSSUSCEPTION * URINE ROUTINE - PYONEPHROSIS , CALCULUS , PYELONEPHRITIS , TRAUMA. CT SCAN ABDOMEN - CAN DISGNOSE TUMOURS , ANEURYSM , LIVER OR ALL ABDOMINAL PATHOLOGIES. * LIVER FUNCTION TEST - ABNORMAL IN LIVER DISEASES * STOOL ROUTINE - OVA / CYST , OCCULT BLOOD IN CASE OF G.I. BLEEDING
923	ANORECTAL PAIN	OTHER TESTS : * PROCTOSCOPY AND / OR PER RECTAL EXAMINATION
925	ARM PAIN
926	AXILLARY SWELLING
1022	ACCIDENTAL INJURY
1023	ACROCYANOSIS
1024	ACTINOMYCOSIS	* MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF SULPHAR GRANULES IN PUS OR TISSUES
1025	ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS	MRI BRAIN : - WIDELY SCATTERED SMALL FOCI OF PERIVENULAR INFLAIMATION & DEMYELINATION. CSF - NON SPECIFIC CHANGES HAEMOGRAM - NORMAL MOST OF THE TIME
1028	ANAL WARTS
1029	ANGIOEDEMA	* SKIN TEST * ASSAY FOR ALLERGEN SPECIFIC IGE IN SERUM
1031	AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION	* LABELED METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE UPTAKE ON SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OR FLUORODOPAMINE ON PET (POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY) IS MARKEDLY IMPAIRED IN DYSAUTONOMIA OF PARKINSON DISEASE BUT IS NORMAL IN MSA.
1032	AZOTEMIA	* CREATININE CLEARANCE ( ML/MIN ) = (140-AGE) * LEAN BODY WT(KG) / ( DEVIDED BY ) PLASMA CREATININE ( MG / ML ) * 72 * FRACTIONAL EXCRETION OF SODIUM(FENA) = URINE SOD* PLASMA CREATININE * 100 / ( MULTIPLIED BY ) PLASMA CREATININE* URINE CREATININE * BUN/PLASMA CR. RATIO - IF > 20:1( PRERENAL AZOTEMIA) & 10-15:1 THEN OLGURIC AC RENAL FAILURE * URINE SODIUM - < 20 ( PRERENAL AZOTEMIA ) & > 40 ( OLIGURIC AC RENAL FAILURE ) * URINE OSMOLALITY - >500 ( PRERENAL AZOTEMIA & < 350 ( OLIGURIC AC RENAL FAILURE ) * FRACTIONAL EXCRETION OF SOD - < 1% ( PRERENAL AZOTEMIA) & >2% ( OLIGURIC AC RENAL FAILURE ) * URINE / PLASMA CREATININE - >40 ( PRERENAL AZOTEMIA & <20 ( OLIGURIC AC RENAL FAILURE ) * RENAL BIOPSY
1074	ADENOMYOSIS UTERI
1075	ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE
1076	ARRHENOBLASTOMA
1077	ASHERMAN SYNDROME
1192	AUTOIMMUNE POLYENDOCRINE SYNDROME TYPE-1	* ANTI-PARIETAL CELL & ANTI-INTRINSIC FACTOR ANTIBODIES - PRESENT IN PERNICIOUS ANEMIA * SCREENING PANEL FOR AUTOANTIBODIES TO - 21 HYDROXYLASE, 17-HYDROXYLASE, THYROID PEROXYDASE ANTIBODIES.
1193	AUTOIMMUNE POLYENDOCRINE SYNDROME TYPE-2	* THYROID STIMULATING IMMUNOGLOBULINS - PRESENT IN GRAVES DISEASE PRESENTATION * THYROID ANTIBODIES ( TPO ) - PRESENT IN HASHIMOTO OR ATROPHIC THYROIDITIS * CYTOPLASMIN ISLET CELL ANTIBODIES, GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE OR ISLET CELL ANTIBODIES - PRESENT IN TYPE-1 DIABETES PRESENTATION * COSYNTROPIN STIMULATED( ACTH STIMULATION TEST ) CORTISOL LEVELS - FOR ADRENAL DISEASE * ANTIACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES - PRESENT IN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS * ANTITISSUE TRANSGLUTAMINASE ANTIBODIES, IGA ENDOMYSIAL ANTIBODIES & ANTIGLIADIN ANTIBODIES - PRESENT IN CELIAC DISEASE * ANTI-PARIETAL CELL & ANTI-INTRINSIC FACTOR ANTIBODIES - PRESENT IN PERNICIOUS ANEMIA * SCREENING PANEL FOR AUTOANTIBODIES TO - 21 HYDROXYLASE, 17-HYDROXYLASE, THYROID PEROXYDASE ANTIBODIES. * MRI BRAIN IF PITUITARY IS SUSPECTED
1203	AUTOIMMUNE POLYENDOCRINE SYNDROME TYPE-3	*ANTI-PARIETAL CELL & ANTI-INTRINSIC FACTOR ANTIBODIES - PRESENT IN PERNICIOUS ANEMIA * THYROID ANTIBODIES ( TPO ) - PRESENT IN HASHIMOTO OR ATROPHIC THYROIDITIS * CYTOPLASMIN ISLET CELL ANTIBODIES, GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE OR ISLET CELL ANTIBODIES - PRESENT IN TYPE-1 DIABETES PRESENTATION IN VITILIGO - ANTIMELANOCYTE ANTIBODIES ARE PRESENT OTHER TESTS : * SIGNIFICANT MACROCYTOSIS - MCV > 100 , RETICULOCYTE COUNT- LOW . * PERIPHERAL SMEAR - MARKED ANISOCYTOSIS, POIKILOCYTOSIS, MACROOVALOCYTES, SOME BASOPHILIC STIPPLING & OCCASIONAL NUCLEATED RBC. NUTROPHILS SHOW HYPERSEGMENTATION OF NUCLEUS - CHARACTERISTIC FINDING * SERUM B 12 LEVELS - VERY LOW * MEASUREMENT OF RBC FOLATE LEVELS - MORE DIAGNOSTIC * GENETIC TESTING - MUTATION IN THE HLA-D GENE SHOULD BE ANALYSED IN PT & SIBLINGS. HLA-DR OLIGOTYPING & HLA-DQ OLIGOTYPING BY PCR METHOD.
1220	ALCOHOLIC KETOACIDOSIS	* ARTERIAL PH < 7.3 & SERUM BICARBONATE LEVELS < 15 MEQ / L * CALCULATED ANION GAP > 14 MMOL/L * PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IS DECREASED SECONDARY TO COMPENSATED HYPERVENTILATION * IN AKA, THE AVERAGE RATIO OF HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID TO ACETOACETIC ACID( 5:1) TENDS TO BE HIGHER THAN IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS ( 3:1 ). * USE REAGENT STRIPS FOR MEASURING KETONE BODIES IN URINE THAT MEASURE BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE. * THE HALLMARK OF AKA IS KETOACIDOSIS WITHOUT MARKED HYPERGLYCEMIA * FREE FATTY ACIDS - MARKEDLY INCREASED * SERUM INSULIN LEVELS - LOW * GLUCAGON LEVELS - HIGH * SERUM CORTISOL LEVELS & CATECHOLAMINE LEVELS - MARKEDLY ELEVATED * HYPONATREMIA & HYPOKALEMIA DUE TO VOMITINGS
1242	ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS	* BLOOD CULTURE - MAY BE STERILE DUE TO ANTIBIOTIC USE * LIVER FUNCTION TEST - MAY BE ABNORMAL DUE TO CHOLESTASIS * CT ABDOMEN - ENLARGED , THICK WALLED GALLBLADDER
1243	ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTOPATHY	NO SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS, ALL ARE DONE TO RULE OUT OTHER CONDITIONS. * Hepatobiliary scanning Hepatobiliary (hydroxy iminodiacetic acid [HIDA]) scanning may have some use in determining which patients with right upper quadrant pain, a lack of gallstones, and no other etiology may benefit from cholecystectomy. After the gallbladder fills with the radioisotope, a cholecystokinin analog is administered. This analog stimulates emptying of the gallbladder, allowing an ejection fraction to be calculated. A gallbladder ejection fraction of less than 35% is considered abnormal and suggests that a patient with the appropriate symptom complex may benefit from laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Administration of the analog also may recreate the pain experienced by the patient.
1244	ACUTE LIVER FAILURE	* CBC - THROMBOCYTOPENIA MAY BE PRESENT * LFT - SEVERELY AFFECTED * SERUM AMMONIA - ELEVATED * BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS - LOW, SUGGESTS SERIOUSNESS * SERUM CREATININE - ELEVATED, DUE TO HEPATORENAL SYNDROME * VIRAL SEROLOGY FOR HEPATITIS A & B DISEASE * AUTOIMMUNE MARKERS - ANA, ASMA & IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS FOR DIAGNOSING AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS * DRUG SCREEN FOR COMMON DRUGS * ULTRA SOUND WHOLE ABDOMEN OR CT SCAN OR MRI ABDOMEN
1245	AFFERENT LOOP SYNDROME	* LFT & SERUM LIPASE & SERUM AMYLASE - INCREASED IN BILIARY OBSTRUCTION * CT SCAN ABDOMEN CONTRAST STUDY - STUDY OF CHOICE * MRI ABDOMEN * UPPER GI ENDOSCOPY
1246	AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS	* LFT - S. BILIRUBIN ONLY OCCASIONALLY INCREASED, SGPT & SGOT: RAISED * ROUTINE STOOL EXAM - FOR E. HISTOLYTICA CYSTA & TROPHOZITES * STOOL ANTIGEN DETECTION ( 96 - 100% SENSITIVE & 94 - 100% SPECIFIC ) - FACILITATES EARLY DIAGNOSIS BEFORE AN ANTIBODY RESPONSE OCCURS * SEROLOGICAL TESTING : - INDIRECT HAEMAGGLUTINATION TEST - POSITIVE IN 90-100% PTS INTERPRETATION REQUIRES RIGID CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC CORRELATION, ESPECIALLY IN ENDEMIC AREA. A CUT OFF VALUE OF 1:512 IS CONSIDERED DIAGNOSTIC - ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY - MORE SENSITIVE & SPECIFIC - SERUM ANTIGEN DETECTION - E. HISTOLYTICA GALACTOSE LECTIN ANTIGEN IS DETECTABLE BY ELISA IN ATLEAST 96% WITH REVERSAL RATE OF 86% AFTER 1 WEEK OF TREATMENT - TECHNETIUM-99M LIVER SCAN IS USEFUL FOR DIFFERENTIATING AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS FROM PYOGENIC ABSCESS
1247	ANGIODYSPLASIA OF THE COLON	* CBC COUNT - ANAEMIA * STOOL FOR OCCULT BLOOD - POSITIVE * SELECTIVE MESENTERIC ANGIOGRAPHY IN WHOM COLONOSCOPY IS DIFFICULT DUE TO MASSIVE BLEEDING * RADIONUCLIDE SCANNING USING TECHNETIUM TC-99M LABELED RBC FOR DETECTING & LOCALIZING BLEED. * HELICAL CT ANGIOGRAPHY * ENDOSCOPY BOTH UPPER GI & LOWER GI
1266	ALPORT SYNDROME
1268	ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA
1269	ALA-DEHYDRATASE-DEFICIENT PORPHYRIA	* URINE LEVELS OF ALA & COPROPORPHYRIN - INCREASED * ALA-DEHYDRATASE ACTIVITY IN RBC IS < 5% OF NORMAL
1280	ATRIAL MYXOMA	* 2 - DIMENTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IS THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE OF CHOICE
1281	ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA	* ECG - DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR MAT INCLUDES: IRREGULAR VENTRICULAR RATE > 100, A DISCRETE P WAVE WITH 3 OR MORE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MORPHOLOGY WITHOUT A DOMINANT PACEMAKER, AN IRREGULAR PP INTERVAL & AN ISOELECTRIC BASELINE BETWEEN P WAVES. * ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY STUDIES OT DIAGNOSE * HOLTER MONITORING
1306	ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME	* LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT ANTIBODIES ( IGG ) - MEDIUM TO HIGH + * CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODIES ( IGM ) - MEDIUM TO HIGH + * ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES - POSITIVE * OTHER POSITIVE AUTOANTIBODIES INCLUDE - ANA, ANTI-DNA ANTIBODIES ( SINGLE OR DOUBLE STRANDED ), ANTI-B2GPI. * Hematologic and serologic manifestations of APS are as follows: For antinuclear factor, the range is 0-94.9. For lupus erythematosus cells, the range is 75.7-82. For leukopenia with 5000 cells/mm3, the range is 0-66.9. For leukopenia with 4000 cells/mm3, the range is 0-45.7 For gamma globulin at 1.6 g/dL, the range is 0-77. For rheumatoid arthritis latex, the range is 0-57. For thrombocytopenia, the range is 7-26. For a positive result from the Coombs test, the range is 0-23.9. Patients may have positive results for autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The range for false-positive results from the VDRL test is 8.3-24.
1309	ADNEXAL MASS ( TUMOR )	* STOOL FOR OCCULT BLOOD IS DONE TO RULE OUT COLONIC PATHOLOGY. * URINE ROUTINE - TO RULE OUTANY URINARY BLADDER PATHOLOGY * DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY
1331	ABORTION, MISSED	* BLOOD GROUP - DIAGNOSES INCOMPATIBILITY OF MOTHER & FATHERS GROUP. * BLOOD SUGAR & BLOOD UREA - FOR DIABETES & RENAL FAILURE * COMPLETE BLOOD TEST - FOR ANEMIA & OTHER CHR DISEASE * SEMEN ANALYSIS - FOR ABNORMAL SPERMS * COOMBS TEST - FOR BLOOD INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN FETUS & MOTHER * THYROID FUNCTION TEST - FOR HYPER OR HYPOTHYROIDISM * TORCH - FOR INFECTION BY CYTOMEGALO VIRUS , HERPES OR RUBELLA , TOXOPLASMOSIS INFECTION * ULTRA SOUND - FOR ANY UTERINE ABNORMALITIES. * VAGINAL SMEAR - FOR CONFIRMATION OF GONORRHOEA, CLAMYDIAL OR OTHER SEXUALLY TRASMITTABLE DISEASES. * QUANTITATIVE HCG LEVELS : Quantitative hCG levels are useful for very early pregnancy evaluation when no sac is visible in the uterus on sonogram. If suspicion of ectopic pregnancy exists, levels should be obtained at 48-hour intervals until the discriminatory level is reached. The discriminatory level of hCG is the level at which an intrauterine pregnancy should always be visible on vaginal probe ultrasonography. In most institutions, this is about 1500-2000 mIU/mL when standardized to the International Reference Preparation (IRP). Once the sac is clearly observed in the uterus, lower-than-expected levels of hCG or progesterone increase the possibility for abnormal pregnancy but are not diagnostic. Therefore, imaging studies are the studies of choice. To make the diagnosis with ultrasonography, the findings may include, but are not limited to, absence of fetal pole, lack of growth of fetal pole, fetal pole with no evident heartbeat, lack of yolk sac at the appropriate gestational age, misshapen yolk sac, or placental separation.